NAD+ Precursors

NAD+ precursors are compounds that boost intracellular NAD+ levels. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a crucial coenzyme in cellular processes like energy metabolism, immune function, and DNA repair. NAD+ levels decline with age, and this decline is associated with various age-related disorders such as metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular issues.

Types of NAD+ Precursors

The two main NAD+ precursors are nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). These compounds can be converted to NAD+ in the body.

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)

NR supplementation has been shown to raise NAD+ levels in humans and has positive effects on vascular endothelial function, mitochondrial number, and gut microbiota. Animal studies suggest benefits for energy metabolism, kidney disease, and cognitive decline, though further human confirmation is needed.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)

NMN has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women, enhance aerobic capacity in runners, and reduce fatigue in older adults. Preclinical studies suggest benefits for diabetes-induced memory deficits, heart failure, and cognition, which require further human validation.

Potential Benefits

Supplementation with NAD+ precursors is proposed as a strategy for disease prevention and increased longevity. Both NR and NMN are reported to be safe and well-tolerated in specified dosage ranges. The timing of supplementation, with peak NAD+ metabolism at noon, is also noted as potentially significant.

Applications in Age-Related Disease Mitigation

Restoring NAD+ levels through precursors has shown promise in mitigating metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular issues. This approach is part of a broader strategy in gerotherapeutic clinical trials and longevity medicine, aiming to delay ageing and prevent age-related diseases.

Future Directions

While the anti-ageing potential of NAD+ precursors is being researched, the general consensus is that they are safe and well-tolerated supplements. However, the efficacy of NAD+ precursors in clinical translations is not certain, and further studies on their long-term effects are needed. Advances in understanding mitochondrial dynamics and their role in ageing could lead to significant breakthroughs, potentially delaying ageing and mitigating age-related diseases.